What is an atomic design in software industry ?

This terminology used in Front End app design and tells one of the best build methodology of UI app which takes cues from natural chemistry 

Can you compare the natural chemistry of an elements with software front end design from the author (Brad Frost) perspective ?

From the "Atomic Design System" author Brad Frost’s perspective the Atomic Design System has major five components as below

Atoms

In Chemistry, it is the smallest components which cannot be further dismantled 

In UI design, each control is an atom ex: label, input field , send button are atoms

                
Molecules

In chemistry, molecules are a combination of several atoms.

In UI design, a search field consists of the label, an input field and a send button (each one is atom)

                    so form the smallest organizational unit (login panel) using the collection of atoms(label, input field & button)

                  
Organisms

In chemistry, these are the compositions of several molecules

In UI design, can compare the standalone and usable components (populate a table for the given list of records)

Templates 

In chemistry, not an chemistry analogy  :)

In UI design,  Template provides a abstract layout and reuse this template for creating a instance (called pages, see below)

Pages

In chemistry, not an chemistry analogy :)

In UI design, Its a instance of a template and fill with collection of organisms

Where can I find more details about atomic design methodology?

You can refer the official site https://atomicdesign.bradfrost.com/